{"id":54519,"date":"2022-10-13T09:00:17","date_gmt":"2022-10-13T13:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/?p=54519"},"modified":"2022-10-12T12:38:14","modified_gmt":"2022-10-12T16:38:14","slug":"urinalysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/urinalysis\/","title":{"rendered":"What can be detected in a urine test?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/urinalysis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">urinalysis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a common urine test that can be done as part of a routine physical examination or in an effort to monitor or diagnose a wide range of medical conditions, from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/conditions\/uti-treatment-and-medications\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">urinary tract infections<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/chronic-kidney-disease\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kidney disease<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A urinalysis is a quick and painless way for your healthcare provider to obtain valuable information about your health.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read on to learn more about what a urinalysis is, what it tests for, and how to prepare for it, as well as what your urinalysis results mean.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is a urinalysis?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A urinalysis is a urine test that can be used to screen or monitor a variety of health conditions. During a urinalysis, a sample of urine is collected and then sent to the lab to be analyzed based on the physical appearance, microscopic findings, and chemical makeup of the sample.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results of the urinalysis are generally available within 24-48 hours. However, this will depend on the specific lab and what your healthcare provider is testing for. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on the results, your healthcare provider may order additional testing, such as a urine culture, to help with the diagnosis.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why do I need urinalysis?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cA urinalysis provides a window into the functioning of some of the most important organs of the human body,\u201d says Arnold Shoulder, MD, co-founder and board member of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/moonstonenutrition.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moonstone Nutrition<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and former chief of the division of urology at St. Clair Hospital in Pittsburgh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urinalysis tests are commonly used as part of routine medical exams, such as prenatal checkups and pre-operative testing. \u201cAbnormal findings on a routine urinalysis, even in an asymptomatic patient, may be the first evidence of an underlying medical issue,\u201d says Derek Larson, MD, FASN, a nephrology specialist at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/stlkidney.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">St. Louis Kidney Consultants<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Missouri.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, your healthcare provider may also order a urinalysis to help monitor or diagnose a variety of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279350\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medical conditions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/conditions\/uti-treatment-and-medications\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urinary tract infections<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (UTIs)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/conditions\/diabetes-treatment-and-medications\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diabetes mellitus<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/conditions\/kidney-stone-treatment-and-medications\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kidney stones<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kidney or liver disease<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In many cases, urinalysis screenings are done in conjunction with other tests, such as a blood test or imaging studies, to help identify the underlying cause of a patient\u2019s symptoms.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does a urinalysis test for?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depending on the patient\u2019s symptoms, there are various tests that can be requested by a healthcare provider to be included in a urinalysis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lab will evaluate the urine sample using three methods, including:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visual examination<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemical dipstick\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microscopic examination<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Together, the results of these three methods will give healthcare providers a clearer picture of what is going on inside the body, making it easier for them to identify the next steps and whether further testing will be needed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visual examination<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the first things a healthcare professional will do when conducting a urinalysis is visually examine the urine. Normal urine is generally clear, pale to light yellow, and relatively odorless. However, changes to the appearance or odor of the urine could indicate a health issue.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, red urine may indicate that there is blood in the urine. This could be due to a number of conditions such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/chronic-kidney-disease\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kidney disease<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, urinary tract infection, or cancer. Similarly, foamy urine may be a sign of kidney disease. Dark brown urine may be a sign of liver disease, as excess bilirubin in the blood can spill into the urine and cause this discoloration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there are many factors that can alter the appearance of urine, including diet and medications. While the physical appearance of urine can give important clues about a person&#8217;s health, it\u2019s not always conclusive. For more comprehensive results, healthcare providers will also conduct a chemical dipstick test and a microscopic exam.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemical dipstick\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kidney.org\/atoz\/content\/what-urinalysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">chemical dipstick test<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a plastic test strip with pads or strips of chemicals on it is placed in the urine specimen. These chemical strips change colors when they come in contact with certain substances in the urine. The lab technician then compares the color of the strip to a color chart to determine which, if any, substances are present in the urine. The depth of the color change on the strip can also give clues about the concentration of a substance in the urine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are many <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diagnostics\/17893-urinalysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">different tests<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that can be conducted using a chemical dipstick, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Urine protein test:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A small amount of protein in the urine is normal. However, higher levels of protein in the urine may indicate a kidney problem, such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/glomerulonephritis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">glomerulonephritis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney inflammation that can damage the kidneys and cause them to leak protein into the urine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Urine pH level test: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urine is normally slightly acidic, with a pH level of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/immunology-and-microbiology\/urine-ph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.5 to 7.5<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A higher-than-normal pH level may indicate a kidney condition, such as kidney stones or infection. A lower-than-normal pH level may indicate <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.renalandurologynews.com\/home\/decision-support-in-medicine\/nephrology-hypertension\/acid-base-disorders-metabolic-acidosis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">metabolic acidosis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a condition that occurs when the body produces too much acid or doesn\u2019t get rid of enough acid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ketones test: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A ketones urine test measures ketones\u2014a type of acid that is produced when the body breaks down fat for energy\u2014in the urine. A high level of ketones in the urine may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (diabetes with sky-high blood sugars). Starvation can also cause this to occur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Glucose test: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A small amount of glucose in the urine is normal. However, high levels of glucose in the urine may indicate poorly controlled diabetes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bilirubin test:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when the liver breaks down red blood cells. A small amount of bilirubin in the urine is normal. However, high levels of bilirubin in the urine may indicate liver disease, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Urine specific gravity test:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Urine specific gravity is a measure of the density of the substances in urine. A high specific gravity means that there are more particles in the urine, while a low specific gravity means that there are fewer particles. The specific gravity of urine can be affected by many factors, including hydration status and diet (dehydration will cause the specific gravity to be high, while drinking a lot of water will cause it to be low).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nitrite urine test: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The nitrite urine test detects the presence of nitrites in the urine, which are produced when bacteria break down nitrogen in the body. A positive nitrite test result may indicate a UTI.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Leukocyte esterase urine test:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Leukocyte esterase is an enzyme that is produced by white blood cells. A high level of leukocyte esterase in the urine may indicate a bacterial infection in your urinary tract, such as a UTI.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Your healthcare provider will decide which tests to conduct based on your symptoms and medical history.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microscopic exam<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In preparation for the microscopic exam, a portion of the urine will first be put into a centrifuge (a machine that spins down the sample at very high speeds) to concentrate the solids. The concentrated urine sample will then be examined under a microscope, which will help identify any abnormal cells or substances that may be present, such as:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Red blood cells (RBCs)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">White blood cells (WBCs)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crystals<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parasites<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urinary casts<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epithelial cells<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do I prepare for a urinalysis?\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While there is generally minimal preparation that needs to be done prior to a urinalysis, it\u2019s important to inform your healthcare provider of any medications or supplements you are taking.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cCertain medications can affect the interpretation of a urinalysis, so a patient should make sure their physician has an accurate medication list,\u201d Dr. Larson explains. \u201cFor instance, vitamin C supplements can cause a false-negative result in the detection of blood on a urine dipstick.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain foods or dyes can also discolor the urine \u201cFor example, if a patient consumes a large number of beets the night before, the urine sample could appear to have blood in it,\u201d Dr. Shoulder says. \u201cThis would be important to tell a healthcare practitioner if the urine appears discolored.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Your healthcare provider will then describe the steps you should follow to collect your urine sample without contamination. This process is known as the &#8220;clean catch&#8221; method.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/007487.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cclean catch\u201d method<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> involves the following steps:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wash your hands with soap and water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Write your name on the sample cup (if requested) and remove the lid.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clean the area around the urethra (the opening where urine exits the body) with a wipe provided by your healthcare provider.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Start to urinate into the toilet, but stop the urine flow midstream.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Position the sample cup near your body and begin to urinate again, filling the sample cup about half full.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stop again, remove the cup, and finish urinating into the toilet.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place the lid on the sample cup and return the urine collection to your healthcare provider or laboratory where you picked it up. If you are unable to deliver your sample within one hour after collection, talk to your healthcare provider about proper storage guidelines.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe idea of the \u2018clean catch\u2019 method is to examine the urine from the bladder once a small amount of urine has already been passed, to decrease the chance of urethral or vaginal contamination,\u201d Dr. Shoulder explains.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following the directions of your healthcare provider will help ensure that your results are not contaminated. \u201cProper collection is important to reliably interpret the findings of a urinalysis,\u201d says Dr. Larson.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to read a urinalysis<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results of a urinalysis will vary based on the specific tests that were performed by your healthcare provider. In most cases, the urinalysis report will include the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The name of all of the specific urine tests performed on the specimen<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Your result for those tests<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The normal range for each test\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some results, however, will simply be reported as &#8220;positive&#8221; or &#8220;negative,&#8221; to indicate whether there was evidence of the specific substance being tested for. A negative result would indicate\u00a0 that the substance was not found, while a positive result would indicate that it was.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A healthcare provider will interpret your test results and compare them to what is considered normal. He or she will then follow up with you to discuss any abnormalities, as well as the next steps based on your results.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When should I call my doctor?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While slight changes to the color, such as clear to dark yellow, or odor of your urine may be normal, there are other changes that may indicate a problem. Contact your healthcare provider if you experience any of the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A severe change in urine color (such as red, brown, or black)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any unusual particles or sediment<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foamy or bubbly urine, unless you\u2019ve recently had a catheter<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strong or severe change in odor<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pain during urination that does not go away<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They will likely order a urinalysis to help determine the cause of your symptoms. Fortunately, in most cases, this can be done quickly in your healthcare providers office.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A urinalysis is a common urine test that can be done as part of a routine physical examination or in an effort to monitor or diagnose a wide range of medical conditions, from urinary tract infections to kidney disease. A urinalysis is a quick and painless way for your healthcare provider to obtain valuable information [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":135,"featured_media":54190,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8029],"tags":[729],"coauthors":[20916],"class_list":["post-54519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health-education","tag-doctor-visits","wpautop"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Urinalysis: What it is, purpose, and results<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A urinalysis is used to detect and manage many health conditions. 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