{"id":56068,"date":"2022-12-27T09:30:31","date_gmt":"2022-12-27T14:30:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/?p=56068"},"modified":"2024-10-25T10:58:51","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T14:58:51","slug":"liver-function-test","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/liver-function-test\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding your liver panel results"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liver function tests<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, commonly known as a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver panel<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blood tests<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> used to measure liver performance through the analysis of various substances found in the blood, such as proteins, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enzymes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bilirubin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The tests can provide important insight into problems with the liver, such as inflammation, scarring, or <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver damage<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. They are often used to diagnose and monitor diseases, including <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hepatitis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cirrhosis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are a variety of different types of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver function tests<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and each one screens for different aspects of liver health. Here&#8217;s a look at the most common types of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver function tests<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as well as their normal ranges and what abnormal results may mean.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"what-is-a-liver-function-test\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver function test<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver function test<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blood test<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> used to measure various substances in the blood that are indicative of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hepatic function<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In a single appointment, your <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">healthcare<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provider can gain a better overall picture of your liver health and make diagnoses or recommendations for further testing based on the results.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the test, a small <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blood sample<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is taken from a vein in the arm using a small needle. The sample is then sent to the laboratory for analysis, and the results will be available within several days, or in some cases even sooner. Although your <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">healthcare<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provider may recommend that you fast for 10 to 12 hours prior to the test, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver function tests<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> generally don&#8217;t require any other preparation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"what-does-a-liver-function-test-show\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver function test<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> show?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Your <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">healthcare<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provider may recommend a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver function test<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for a variety of reasons. Generally, the test is ordered if you have any <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/liver-function-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">symptoms or signs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that might indicate a problem with your liver, such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yellowing of the skin and eyes, a condition known as <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jaundice<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Upper abdominal pain or swelling<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nausea or vomiting<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fatigue<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loss of appetite<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dark urine or light-colored stool<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In some cases, your <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">healthcare<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provider may order a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver function test<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as part of routine screening or to monitor the progression of an existing condition.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;It&#8217;s generally recommended to get a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver panel<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> if you&#8217;re diagnosed with obesity or being overweight, are a heavy alcohol drinker, have been exposed to <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hepatitis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> viruses, or have a genetic disposition for <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver disease<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,&rdquo; says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.personalabs.com\/dr-edward-salko\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edward Salko, MD<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a board-certified physician and a medical director at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.personalabs.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PersonaLabs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">test results<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver panel<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can also be used to help diagnose a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482489\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">variety of conditions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cirrhosis<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hepatitis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A, B, and C<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liver cancer<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nonalcoholic <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fatty liver disease<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wilson disease<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Celiac disease<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"whats-included-in-a-liver-panel\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What&rsquo;s included in a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver panel<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on your specific medical history and symptoms, your <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">healthcare<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provider may order a number of different tests, explains Dr. Salko. Some common tests included in a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver function panel<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alkaline phosphatase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ALP<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alanine transaminase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ALT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), also known as <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">alanine aminotransferase<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspartate aminotransferase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AST<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), also known as <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aspartate transaminase<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gamma-glutamyl transferase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GGT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), also known as <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Albumin<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total protein<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bilirubin<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lactate dehydrogenase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (LDH)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prothrombin time<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (PT)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"liver-function-test-normal-range\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liver function test<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> normal range<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The liver plays a role in nearly every bodily process, including metabolism, digestion, and immunity.&nbsp; As such, a healthy and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abim.org\/Media\/bfijryql\/laboratory-reference-ranges.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">properly functioning liver<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is important for overall health.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there are several factors that can affect how the liver functions, including age, sex, pregnancy, and certain medications, explains Dr. Salko. &#8220;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alcohol use<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, frequent eating out, and smoking cigarettes can also have adverse effects on the liver,&#8221; he adds.<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\" singlecare-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<h3 id=\"liver-function-test-normal-range-chart\">Liver function test&nbsp;normal range chart<\/h3>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"header-row\">\n<td><b>Test<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Normal range<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ALP<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30&ndash;120 U\/L<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ALT<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10&ndash;40 U\/L<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AST<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10&ndash;40 U\/L<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GGT<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Female: 8&ndash;40 U\/L&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Male: 9&ndash;50 U\/L<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Albumin<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3.5&ndash;5.5 g\/dL<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total protein<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5.5&ndash;9.0 g\/dL<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bilirubin<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total: 0.3&ndash;1.0 mg\/dL<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct: 0.1&ndash;0.3 mg\/dL<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indirect: 0.2&ndash;0.7 mg\/dL<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LDH<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">80&ndash;225 U\/L<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11&ndash;13 seconds<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"liver-enzyme-test\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liver enzyme<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> test<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liver enzyme<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lab tests<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> measure the levels of certain <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enzymes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the blood that are released by <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver cells<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enzymes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> help to speed up certain chemical reactions within the body, such as breaking down proteins and fats, helping blood <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">clot<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and fighting infection. Most commonly, doctors will order a test for four different <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enzymes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alkaline phosphatase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ALP<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">): 30&ndash;120 U\/L<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alanine transaminase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ALT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">): 10&ndash;40 U\/L<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspartate aminotransferase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AST<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">): 10&ndash;40 U\/L<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gamma-glutamyl transferase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GGT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">): 8&ndash;40 U\/L for females, 9&ndash;50 U\/L for males<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;Elevations in both <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AST<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ALT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> often mean that the liver is inflamed. The most common causes would include <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">alcohol use<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, medications, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fatty liver disease<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and recent or current infections, such as COVID, mono, or other viruses,&rdquo; says <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salvohealth.com\/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Max Pitman, MD<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a medical director at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salvohealth.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salvo Health<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and board-certified physician at Summit Health in Brooklyn, New York.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/alkaline-phosphatase\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abnormal levels<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ALP<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> could be an indicator of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">chronic liver disease<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bone disease<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or chronic kidney disease. However, additional <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">laboratory tests<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are often needed to make the diagnosis.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;Elevated <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GGT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be seen in many conditions such as <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">alcohol use<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, gallstone or <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gallbladder<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> issues, and medication use,&rdquo; Dr. Pitman says. &ldquo;Elevated <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GGT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on its own is not cause for immediate concern but should be evaluated in the context of other abnormal liver tests. Small increases in <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver enzymes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (two to five times the upper limit of normal) are often temporary and not cause for excessive concern but should be followed up to make sure that they decrease to the normal level over time.&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"albumin\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Albumin<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/albumin-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Albumin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a protein produced in the liver, and it plays an important role in transporting various substances throughout the body, including hormones and medications. An <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">albumin<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">test measures<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the levels of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">serum albumin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with a normal range being 3.5&ndash;5.5 g\/dL.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elevated levels of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">albumin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> may be a sign of dehydration, while <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">low levels<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be indicative of liver or kidney disease. Dr. Pitman adds that low <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">albumin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can also be a sign of malnutrition or chronic inflammation.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"total-protein-test\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total protein<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> test<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/total-protein-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">total protein<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">test<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> measures<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the total amount of proteins in your blood, including <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">albumin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and globulins. A normal range is typically 5.5&ndash;9.0 g\/dL.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;Low <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">total protein<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a sign of malnutrition or chronic inflammation,&rdquo; says Dr. Pitman. &ldquo;Elevated <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">total protein<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly if it&rsquo;s a very high level for a sustained period of time, should be checked out by your primary care physician or hematologist to make sure there is no underlying condition contributing to excess protein in the blood.&rdquo;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"bilirubin-test\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bilirubin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> test<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/bilirubin-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bilirubin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a yellow substance naturally made as your body breaks down old <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">red blood cells<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A healthy liver will automatically remove the majority of the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bilirubin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from your body as a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">waste product<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. However, if the liver is not functioning properly, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bilirubin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will build up in the bloodstream and cause the skin to yellow, a condition known as <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jaundice<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The normal range of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">serum bilirubin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> levels is 0.3&ndash;1.0 mg\/dL. If your <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bilirubin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> levels exceed this range, it may be a sign of a liver condition, but this isn&#8217;t always the case&mdash;certain medications and foods can also elevate <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bilirubin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> levels.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ldh-test\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LDH test<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LDH<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which plays an important role in energy production, is an <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enzyme<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> present in the cells of almost all organs and tissue. A normal range for LDH levels is 80&ndash;225 U\/L.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;Many different types of conditions can cause elevated LDH,&rdquo; Dr. Pitman explains. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s not specific to any one condition. Some of these conditions involve inflammation, like infections, or rapid cell turnover, like in malignancy or certain types of anemia. Many other conditions can cause it as well, including autoimmune conditions, drug reactions, and much more.&rdquo;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Pitman adds that a high LDH on its own should not cause concern, but it should be evaluated in context with other symptoms and tests.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"prothrombin-time-pt-test\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prothrombin time<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (PT) test<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/003652.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prothrombin time<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> refers to the time it takes for the liquid portion of your blood, also known as plasma, to <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">clot<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A normal <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prothrombin time<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> should be within 11-13 seconds.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;Elevated PT means that <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blood clotting<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is not occurring as rapidly as normal and can indicate a risk of excessive bleeding,&rdquo; Dr. Pitman says. &ldquo;This is commonly seen in people who are taking blood thinners such as coumadin or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/prescription\/jantoven\/what-is\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jantoven<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It can also occur as a result of low <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vitamin K<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> levels, certain inherited bleeding conditions, or in advanced <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liver disease<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as liver <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cirrhosis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or acute liver failure.&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"next-steps-what-if-im-diagnosed-with-a-liver-condition\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Next steps: What if I&rsquo;m diagnosed with a liver condition?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abnormal liver function test results<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can indicate a variety of liver conditions. While many of the symptoms of liver conditions are similar, the treatment will depend on the specific diagnosis.<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\" singlecare-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<h3 id=\"common-types-of-liver-conditions-symptoms-and-treatments\">Common types of liver conditions, symptoms, and treatments<\/h3>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"header-row\">\n<td><b>Condition<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Common symptoms&nbsp;<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Treatments<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/health-information\/liver-disease\/cirrhosis\/symptoms-causes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cirrhosis<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weakness, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss, nausea, vomiting, mild pain in upper right side of abdomen, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jaundice<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, itchy skin<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment of underlying cause, including drinking less alcohol, losing weight, and certain medications depending on underlying condition&nbsp;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hepatitis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever, loss of appetite, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jaundice<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No treatment, the virus will typically pass on its own<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/hbv\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hepatitis B<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jaundice<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, joint pain<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May clear on its own, or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/hep.28280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may require antiviral medication<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/prescription\/entecavir\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entecavir<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/prescription\/lamivudine\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lamivudine<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/hcv\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hepatitis C<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jaundice<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, joint pain<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hcvguidelines.org\/treatment-naive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antiviral and other medications<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/prescription\/epclusa\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epclusa<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/prescription\/pegasys\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pegasys<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/liver-cancer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liver cancer<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fatigue, loss of appetite, symptoms of indigestion, swollen abdomen, flu-like symptoms, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jaundice<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemotherapy, surgery, thermal ablation, radiotherapy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/fattyliverdisease.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nonalcoholic <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fatty liver disease<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Generally few to no symptoms, tired, discomfort in upper right side of abdomen<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weight loss through <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/fatty-liver-diet\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">healthy diet<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and exercise<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/health-information\/liver-disease\/wilson-disease\/symptoms-causes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wilson disease<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, dark urine, light-colored stool, pain in upper abdomen, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jaundice<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, problems with speech, tremors, anxiety, depression, psychosis<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chelating agent medications, such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/prescription\/penicillamine\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">penicillamine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/prescription\/trientine-hcl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trientine<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/health-information\/digestive-diseases\/celiac-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Celiac disease<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bloating, chronic diarrhea, constipation, gas, weight loss, mood changes, slowed growth, fatigue, joint pain, depression, anxiety<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gluten-free diet<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It&rsquo;s important to address any and all concerns you may have with your <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">healthcare<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provider, as they can provide you with the best information and advice on how to manage your condition, as well as potential <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">side effects<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of each treatment option. Additionally, Dr. Salko advises that diet and lifestyle changes may help improve overall liver function, as well as have a positive impact on other aspects of your mental and physical health.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Liver function tests, commonly known as a liver panel, are blood tests used to measure liver performance through the analysis of various substances found in the blood, such as proteins, enzymes, and bilirubin. The tests can provide important insight into problems with the liver, such as inflammation, scarring, or liver damage. They are often used [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":135,"featured_media":55770,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8029],"tags":[729],"coauthors":[20916],"class_list":["post-56068","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health-education","tag-doctor-visits","wpautop"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Liver function test: Purpose, types, and results<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Liver function tests are blood tests used to measure liver performance and monitor liver disease or damage. 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