{"id":628835,"date":"2024-07-03T13:22:51","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T17:22:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/?p=628835"},"modified":"2026-01-22T12:50:56","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T17:50:56","slug":"is-gabapentin-a-controlled-substance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/is-gabapentin-a-controlled-substance\/","title":{"rendered":"Is gabapentin a controlled substance?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for certain types of nerve pain and seizures. Healthcare providers prescribe gabapentin off-label for several other medical conditions, including general neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, anxiety, restless legs syndrome, fibromyalgia, and migraines. After its approval in 1993, there was no known risk of misuse or addiction to gabapentin. However, there are growing concerns that gabapentin may have more risks than people realize.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"is-gabapentin-a-controlled-substance\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is gabapentin a controlled substance?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/prescription\/gabapentin\/what-is\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gabapentin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> isn\u2019t a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/controlled-substances-act\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">federally controlled substance<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but several U.S. states classify it as Schedule V or require prescription monitoring due to concerns about misuse.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlled substances are classified into five categories, or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/drug-information\/drug-scheduling\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">schedules<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The schedule depends on the drug\u2019s potential for abuse or dependency. Schedule V drugs have a lower potential for abuse than all other controlled substances. This means gabapentin has a lower risk of abuse compared to OxyContin (oxycodone), which is a Schedule II opioid medication.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"is-gabapentin-a-narcotic\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is gabapentin a narcotic?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gabapentin is not a narcotic, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/is-gabapentin-an-opioid\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">it is not an opioid<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It is an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/drug-classes\/anticonvulsants\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anticonvulsant medication<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that works by calming overactive nerve signals. Even though it may cause sedation and be misused in some cases, it does not cause the same effects as narcotic pain medications or opioids.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"the-difference-between-drug-scheduling-and-prescription-monitoring\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The difference between drug scheduling and prescription monitoring<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drug scheduling refers to whether a medication is legally classified as a controlled substance at the federal or state level. This determines how it can be prescribed, dispensed, and refilled. The process of drug monitoring, such as reporting to a prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP), allows states to track the prescribing and dispensing of drugs to help identify the potential for misuse, even if the drug is not a controlled substance.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"states-where-gabapentin-is-a-controlled-substance\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States where gabapentin is a controlled substance<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At this time, seven states label gabapentin as a controlled substance. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/neurotodayonline\/fulltext\/2022\/04210\/should_gabapentin_be_a_controlled_substance_.5.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These include<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alabama<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kentucky<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/boards.bsd.dli.mt.gov\/_docs\/pha\/PHA-Gabapentin-Fact-Sheet-Prescribers-Patients-09-2025.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Montana<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">North Dakota<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tennessee<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Virginia\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">West Virginia<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"states-that-require-pdmp-reporting-of-gabapentin\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States that require PDMP reporting of gabapentin<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain other <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">states<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> require that <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gabapentin prescriptions<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> be reported to a PDMP as a drug of concern or monitored drug. These <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">states<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> include:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Connecticut<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indiana<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kansas<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Massachusetts<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michigan<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minnesota<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Mexico<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New Jersey<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">North Carolina<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ohio<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oregon<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington D.C.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wisconsin<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wyoming <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"gabapentin-refill-laws-and-requirements\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gabapentin refill laws and requirements<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because gabapentin isn\u2019t labeled as a controlled substance at the federal level, its prescribing and dispensing laws are the same as those for non-controlled substances unless state law says otherwise. In states that classify it as a controlled substance, there may be specific prescription requirements, as well as limits on the quantity prescribed or refills available.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As an example, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhp.virginia.gov\/vet\/docs\/email\/Gabapentin.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Virginia<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> passed a law in 2019 to classify gabapentin as a Schedule V controlled substance. This means Virginia pharmacies must comply with the state\u2019s controlled substance laws when dispensing and refilling gabapentin prescriptions. Some of the Virginia laws for Schedule V controlled substances include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The drug shall not be dispensed or refilled more than six months after the original prescription date.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The prescription may not be refilled more than five times.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"why-have-some-states-tightened-gabapentin-regulations\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why have some states tightened gabapentin regulations?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/71\/wr\/mm7119a3.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CDC<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), people may use gabapentin to strengthen the effects of illegal opioids. Reports of intentional abuse, misuse, or unknown exposures to gabapentin have increased by 104% from 2013 to 2017. Gabapentin is increasingly detected in overdose deaths, often in combination with opioids rather than as a sole cause of overdose deaths, according to CDC data.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The DEA also associates gabapentin with sedative and psychedelic effects and recognizes that the drug can intensify the euphoric (\u201chigh\u201d) effects of opioids. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are concerns that this is contributing to the<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">opioid epidemic<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although gabapentin is typically safe when taken on its own, when it\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-warns-about-serious-breathing-problems-seizure-and-nerve-pain-medicines-gabapentin-neurontin\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">used in combination with<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> other drugs that depress the central nervous system or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/gabapentin-and-alcohol\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">alcohol<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the risk of respiratory depression and potentially death increases significantly.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a result, several states have taken regulatory action to reduce these risks by making gabapentin a controlled substance. In these states, there are stricter regulations on prescribing and dispensing gabapentin. Each state may regulate gabapentin slightly differently, setting its own time, quantity, or dosage limits to minimize the risk of drug misuse and abuse. For example, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/phlp\/docs\/menu_prescriptionlimits.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rhode Island law<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> only allows up to a 90-day supply for prescriptions for Schedule V controlled substances.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tips-for-patients-on-managing-gabapentin-refills\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tips for patients on managing gabapentin refills<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether you\u2019re taking gabapentin for nerve pain, seizures, fibromyalgia, or anxiety, you must follow the directions of your medical professional. Taking more gabapentin than prescribed can increase your risk of serious side effects, including sleepiness and dizziness. On the other hand, you should not stop taking gabapentin without talking to your healthcare provider first. Abruptly stopping the medication can lead to withdrawal symptoms or more frequent seizures if you\u2019re taking the drug for seizure disorders. With that being said, it\u2019s also important to stay on top of gabapentin refills so you don\u2019t run out of medication. To do so, consider enrolling in automatic refills at your pharmacy. That way, your pharmacy can refill your medication automatically when running low.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other ways to limit <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/gabapentin-side-effects\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gabapentin side effects<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the potential for drug abuse and misuse include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Take gabapentin exactly as prescribed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check with a healthcare provider before starting new medications, supplements, or vitamins.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid alcohol use during gabapentin treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid other central nervous system depressants, including drugs that make you sleepy or dizzy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"future-of-gabapentin-regulation\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future of gabapentin regulation<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of June 2024, gabapentin remains a non-controlled substance under the U.S. federal government. With mounting evidence of misuse and abuse of gabapentin use, certain states have implemented regulations or policies to limit or monitor the use of the drug, especially given its potential to enhance the effects of opioids. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6103607\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some experts<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/969829\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nonprofit groups<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have called for national reclassification of gabapentin as a controlled substance.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite these efforts to reclassify the drug, gabapentin is only regulated in some states as a controlled substance. Concerns remain about its risk of misuse and abuse, especially when taken with opioids.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for certain types of nerve pain and seizures. Healthcare providers prescribe gabapentin off-label for several other medical conditions, including general neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, anxiety, restless legs syndrome, fibromyalgia, and migraines. After its approval in 1993, there was no known risk of misuse [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":133,"featured_media":628836,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4589],"tags":[4343,788,808],"coauthors":[20969],"class_list":["post-628835","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-drug-info","tag-brand-name-drugs","tag-drug-safety","tag-pain-management","wpautop"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Is gabapentin a controlled substance? Current refill laws<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gabapentin is not a controlled substance federally, but it is in some states due to growing concerns about misuse. 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