{"id":6827,"date":"2019-11-11T09:00:57","date_gmt":"2019-11-11T14:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/?p=6827"},"modified":"2025-09-02T17:56:28","modified_gmt":"2025-09-02T21:56:28","slug":"how-do-antibiotics-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/how-do-antibiotics-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Antibiotics 101: What are they and why do we need them?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics are arguably one of the most important and impactful medical discoveries\u2014they\u2019ve revolutionized how we treat illness and saved countless lives from bacterial infection.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When were antibiotics invented?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1928, scientist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin when he left a bacterial culture uncovered while away on vacation<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A mold grew in his petri dishes and killed the<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> bacteria he was studying.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fleming\u2019s forgetfulness led to the first mass-produced antibiotic, or bacteria-killer, for which he won a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/1945\/summary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, along with two other scientists, in 1945.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are antibiotics used to treat?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics are life-saving medications prescribed to fight infections by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/antibiotics.html\">killing bacteria<\/a> or keeping them from reproducing<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. While antibiotics are used to treat many serious bacterial infections, they are not required for\u2014or effective on\u2014viral infections, like the common cold or flu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics are medications that are used to assist a patient&#8217;s immune system to combat bacterial infections,\u201d Katie Taylor, Pharm.D., says. She adds that types of bacterial infections may include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and skin and soft tissue infections, just to name a few.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do antibiotics work?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.genetics.utah.edu\/content\/microbiome\/antibiotics\/\">kill the bacterial cells causing your infection<\/a>, but they leave human cells alone<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There&#8217;s a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/en-ca\/home\/infections\/antibiotics\/overview-of-antibiotics\">wide variety of antibiotics<\/a> available, and each type of antibiotic works on certain kinds of bacteria. This is why your healthcare provider prescribes specific antibiotics to treat particular bacterial infections. There are many types, or classes, of antibiotics: penicillins, tetracyclines, and nitrofurantoin, just to name a few.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Within these classes, there are a variety of brands available.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different kinds of \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antibiotics work in a variety of different ways depending on the class of antibiotic they are,\u201d says <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amesh Adalja, MD, a board-certified physician in infectious diseases and senior scholar at Johns Hopkins.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201cFor example, penicillin and related antibiotics disrupt bacterial cell wall structure, while antibiotics like ciprofloxacin act on bacterial DNA processes.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are also a variety of different forms of antibiotics. They can be taken orally, applied topically, or received as an injection. \u201cOne important factor to note is that not only does a particular antibiotic need to be able to kill a particular bacteria, but also get to the site of infection,\u201d explains Dr. Taylor. \u201cFor example, not every antibiotic can get into the brain or into the bone, and if that is where the infection is, it will be difficult to treat that infection with that drug.\u201d Your healthcare provider prescribes the form that can best target where the infection is in your body.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/resources\/antibiotics\">Common antibiotics and coupons<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How long does it take antibiotics to work?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotics kick in fairly quickly, at least at the microbiological level, explains Dr. Adalja. \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, depending on the extent and severity of the infection, it may take hours or days for a person\u2019s symptoms to noticeably change,\u201d he adds.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When your symptoms start to improve, you shouldn\u2019t stop taking your prescription. \u201cIt is important to stress that a patient should take the entire course of antibiotics prescribed by your healthcare provider to ensure adequate treatment of the infection so that it does not recur or cause antibiotic resistance,\u201d Dr. Taylor emphasizes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>RELATED: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.singlecare.com\/blog\/finish-antibiotics\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What happens if you don\u2019t finish antibiotics?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria learn how to overcome the antibiotics that are supposed to kill them. It occurs when people overuse and underuse antibiotics. They take them for a condition that doesn\u2019t require antibiotics, or they stop taking an antibiotic before the prescription ends. Both scenarios give bacteria the opportunity to mutate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotic resistance is so common that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/antibioticuse\/index.html#targetText=Be%20Antibiotics%20Aware%20is%20the,threats%20to%20the%20public's%20health.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (CDC) considers it one of the most urgent public health crises.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">According to the CDC, more than 2 million people get an antibiotic-resistant infection every year, and at least 23,000 people die from it. Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant germs are difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat. They<\/span>\u00a0require extended hospital stays, additional follow-up doctor visits, and costly alternatives<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Adalja says that while overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, the bacteria\u2019s ability to evolve and resist the medication designed to kill them is also a fact of life and evolution. \u201cAntibiotic resistance is caused by a variety of factors, but generally is due to bacteria being exposed to an antibiotic for some time, and the bacteria mutating (or figuring out) how to get around the drug&#8217;s mechanism of action,\u201d agrees Dr. Taylor.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When to take antibiotics<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The best way to prevent antibiotic resistance is to avoid taking antibiotics when you don\u2019t need to\u2014for example, don\u2019t take antibiotics to treat viruses. Use preventive measures like vaccines and healthy hygiene habits to avoid getting sick. Then, if you do need them, make sure that you take your antibiotics exactly as prescribed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Antibiotics are arguably one of the most important and impactful medical discoveries\u2014they\u2019ve revolutionized how we treat illness and saved countless lives from bacterial infection. When were antibiotics invented? In 1928, scientist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin when he left a bacterial culture uncovered while away on vacation. A mold grew in his petri dishes and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":85,"featured_media":6815,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8029],"tags":[715],"coauthors":[8365],"class_list":["post-6827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health-education","tag-antibiotics","wpautop"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Antibiotics 101: How do antibiotics work and why do we need them?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Antibiotics, or antibacterials, can be life-saving medications used to treat infection. 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