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Depression Treatments and Medications

Medically reviewed by Karen Berger, Pharm.D.
Licensed Pharmacist
Updated Jul 6, 2026
Fact Checked

Key takeaways

  • Common depression treatments include psychotherapy and antidepressant medication.

  • There are various classes of antidepressants, such as SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, and atypical antidepressants.

  • Lifestyle changes, such as exercising, following a healthy diet, and improving sleep hygiene, may help reduce symptoms of depression.

Depression affects about 280 million people worldwide. Also referred to as major depressive disorder, depression can range from mild to severe, with symptoms that may include:

  • Feeling sad 

  • Loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed

  • Weight loss or gain

  • Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much

  • Fatigue and feeling tired 

  • Feeling worthless or hopeless

  • Problems with concentration

  • Suicidal thoughts or preoccupation with death

Despite being a common condition, depression is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. 

How is depression diagnosed?

There isn’t a laboratory test or scan to diagnose depression. Healthcare providers base their diagnosis on a description of your symptoms and look for specific information on your mood, behavior, and daily activities. During an initial health care assessment, you might be asked to complete screening questionnaires, such as Beck’s Depression Inventory or the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).

Your answers to these screening questionnaires help your healthcare provider understand the severity of your depression symptoms. A diagnosis requires symptoms to be present most of the day, occur nearly every day, and persist for a period of over two weeks. 

Many people start the diagnostic process with their primary care provider. Your provider might request laboratory tests to rule out physical causes of your symptoms; for example, thyroid disorders and vitamin deficiencies may cause depressive symptoms. 

During your appointment, make sure your provider is aware of all medications you are taking, as some drugs can cause side effects that may mimic symptoms of depression. If you are diagnosed with depression, you may be prescribed antidepressants or referred to a mental health specialist for further care. 

Once you receive a diagnosis of depression, here are some questions you can ask your healthcare provider:

  • What type of depression do I have?

  • Do you suggest medications, psychotherapy, or both?

  • Can depression affect my sleep and eating habits?

  • Can my depression be causing physical pain?

  • Are there other health conditions that could be causing these symptoms?

  • What medication do you suggest, and what are the side effects of it?

  • Are there lifestyle changes I can make to improve my symptoms?

  • Are there alternative treatments?

You should also talk to your healthcare provider about a plan for an emergency. Many people with depression are suicidal or have thoughts of harming themselves. You should know what steps you and your loved ones should take if you feel you might hurt yourself, such as calling the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by dialing or texting 988.

RELATED: Male depression

Depression treatment options

There is no definitive cure for depression; however, there are many effective treatments to reduce or eliminate symptoms. The type of depression, how long symptoms have been present, other health conditions, and tolerance of side effects all play a role in determining which treatment is best for you. 

Almost all people with depression receive some relief with treatment, with between 70% and 90% responding well to treatment. Treatment may include prescription drugs, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs); psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy; or both medication and psychotherapy. 

For people with treatment-resistant depression, or depression that does not respond to other treatments, various options are available. For example, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is sometimes used for those who have not responded to other treatments. A five-year study found that using a vagus nerve stimulation device can also help improve the quality of life in those with treatment-resistant depression. You can find ongoing clinical trials on the website CenterWatch.com. 

The following provides an overview of each type of treatment:

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, is effective in treating depressive disorder. Some of the more common types of psychotherapy include:

  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Works to help an individual change unhelpful thought patterns and provide practical steps for managing symptoms.

  • Interpersonal therapy: Looks at external factors, such as relationships, and their role as contributing factors to depressive symptoms. The therapist works with you to improve personal relationships and find ways to resolve conflicts. 

  • Psychodynamic therapy: Places emphasis on resolving past issues that might be contributing to negative behaviors and feelings. 

Other methods that may involve some aspect of psychotherapy include:

  • Psychoeducation: Teaches you about depression symptoms, how to recognize early warning signs, and steps to take before a relapse occurs.

  • Support groups: Can be led by a therapist or by someone who also has depression. During support group sessions, you can talk freely about your feelings and share experiences as well as practical ways to overcome negative emotions.

Brain stimulation therapies

Your healthcare provider might suggest brain stimulation therapies if other treatment methods have not provided relief from symptoms. These include electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation. They work by stimulating different areas of the brain. 

Medications

There are several different classes of antidepressant medications, and each works to relieve symptoms differently. Antidepressants may start improving symptoms within a few weeks and can take up to eight weeks or more to be fully effective. It may require trying a few different dosages and medications before finding the one that works for you. 

Types of antidepressant medication

Medications for depression target specific brain chemicals, called neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Below are some of the most commonly prescribed classes of antidepressants. 

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

SSRIs target serotonin and are the most widely used medications for depression. Common SSRIs include:

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 

SNRIs increase levels of the brain chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine. Common SNRIs include:

Serotonin modulators

Serotonin modulators work by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain or directly stimulating or blocking serotonin receptors. 

Atypical antidepressants

Atypical antidepressants are a class of drugs that may affect multiple neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. These may work in different ways to regulate mood and treat depression. The most commonly used atypical antidepressants are:

Tricyclic antidepressants

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were once considered a first-line treatment for depression, but are now less commonly used since they tend to have more side effects and more interactions with other medications. They work to increase serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. The most commonly used are:

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

MAOIs can have severe side effects as well as drug and food interactions, so they are less commonly used. MAOIs include:

Over-the-counter depression medicine

There are no over-the-counter depression cures. If a vitamin deficiency is contributing to your symptoms, supplementing with the vitamin may help in some cases. There are various natural supplements that claim to support the mood, but studies are mixed, and there may be interactions to consider. Always check with a healthcare provider before adding any vitamins or supplements to your regimen. Also, some OTC drugs for cough and cold may interact with certain antidepressants, so you should check with your healthcare provider or pharmacist before using any OTC medicines if you are taking an antidepressant.  

There are many treatments for depression, but there is no "best" medication. What works for one person might not work for another since everyone reacts differently to medicines. Your healthcare provider will take your medical condition, medical history, and other medications you are taking into consideration when suggesting a treatment for you. Below are some commonly prescribed antidepressants.

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This is not an exhaustive list of depression medications. Always ask your healthcare provider for the best treatment for depression based on your health condition and medical history.

Common side effects of depression medicine

As with all medications, antidepressants may cause undesired responses to the medication. While these side effects often diminish within a few weeks of use, some may persist for longer.

Consult your healthcare provider about the risks and benefits of a particular medication. Many people find the benefits outweigh the risks; however, some people find it challenging to tolerate some side effects. You should always seek medical advice before stopping a medication. 

Side effects vary by class, but some common side effects include:

  • Drowsiness 

  • Dizziness

  • Changes in appetite and weight

  • Insomnia 

  • Headache 

  • Dry mouth 

  • Stomach upset

  • Sexual problems

Serotonin syndrome

In addition to these side effects, various antidepressants may carry a risk of serotonin syndrome, which may occur when the level of serotonin rises to a dangerous level. It is rare and is more likely to happen when increasing the dosage or combining antidepressants or other medications that increase serotonin levels. For example, taking the herbal supplement St. John’s Wort may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome when taking it with another antidepressant. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome may include:

  • Anxiety

  • Confusion

  • Agitation

  • Sweating

  • Muscle twitching or spasm

  • Shivering, shaking, or trembling

  • Diarrhea

  • Fever

  • Increased heart rate

  • Rapid eye movements

  • Vomiting

If you experience these symptoms while taking an antidepressant, seek immediate medical attention. 

Home remedies for depression 

Treating depression often includes a combination of psychotherapy and medicine. However, some lifestyle changes or home remedies may also help with symptoms. Always check with your healthcare provider for medical advice. 

Exercise

Besides the physical benefits, such as protecting against heart disease or diabetes, improving sleep, and lowering blood pressure, exercise may also help improve emotional and mental health. Check with a healthcare provider before starting or changing your exercise regimen.

Meditation

Meditation may help decrease depressive symptoms. Madhav Goyal, MD, reviewed 47 studies on meditation and found that it appeared to provide as much relief from some depression symptoms as other studies have found with antidepressants. Mindfulness meditation, which involves focusing on the present moment, was found to be most effective. Goyal believes that regular meditation can help reduce the worries and fears that accompany depression. 

Diet

What you eat may also affect symptoms of depression. Research suggests that eating more whole foods may help with depression. Experts often recommend diets such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet or the Mediterranean diet. These types of diets focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Talk to your healthcare provider about what kind of dietary changes may help your mood. 

Sleep hygiene

Getting adequate sleep may be helpful in managing episodes of depression. Studies have shown that individuals who improved their sleep quality experienced a significant reduction in depression symptoms, positively affecting their daily lives. Healthy sleep hygiene habits may include keeping a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding electronic devices before bed, and creating a comfortable resting environment. 

Social support 

Social support in the form of assistance and emotional or physical comfort from friends and family may also have a positive impact on symptoms of depression. One study found that individuals with depression who received strong social support, such as from family members, were more likely to see improvements in their condition. Therefore, being able to depend on a strong network for support from others may be beneficial for mental well-being.

Natural treatments: Herbs and supplements

Some herbal supplements, such as St. John’s wort and omega-3 fatty acids, have been studied for their effects on depression and other mental health conditions. However, evidence is mixed, and natural remedies should not replace treatments recommended by your healthcare provider. Always check with your provider before trying any herbs or supplements. Even though they are labeled as natural, they are not safe for everyone and may interact with certain medications. 

Expert takeaway

"Many people experience depression at some point in their lives. Fortunately, there are many effective treatments available, often combining therapy and medicine," says Karen Berger, Pharm.D., member of the SingleCare Medical Review Board. "If you are experiencing symptoms of depression, talk to your healthcare provider to determine the next steps for you." 

Frequently asked questions about depression

What are the different types of depression medications?

There are several types of antidepressants available. First-line treatments for depression include SSRIs, SNRIs, and atypical antidepressants. Older antidepressants, which tend to have more side effects or drug interactions, include tricyclic antidepressants and MAOIs. Your healthcare provider can determine which medicine is best for you. 

Are stimulants used to treat depression?

Stimulant medications, such as Ritalin (methylphenidate) or Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine), are not considered a first-line treatment for depression. However, they may be prescribed off-label (for a non-FDA-approved use) as an add-on treatment for people who have not had an adequate response to antidepressants alone. Stimulants might help with certain depressive symptoms, such as fatigue, loss of energy, and impaired concentration. 

What is the most popular antidepressant? What are the common antidepressants?

SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed types of antidepressants. Some common SSRIs include Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), Celexa (citalopram), Paxil (paroxetine), and Lexapro (escitalopram).

What is the best depression medication without side effects?

All antidepressants have the potential to cause side effects. However, everyone reacts to medication differently, so what works for one person might not work for another. Not everyone may experience side effects, and those who do can experience them differently. Your healthcare provider can consider your individual circumstances to determine which drug will be best for you.

What is the best natural antidepressant?

While there are many natural remedies that people use to help manage depression symptoms, there is no single "best" natural antidepressant that works for everyone. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, may help naturally reduce symptoms of depression. In addition, some natural remedies that have been studied for their potential antidepressant effects include St. John's wort and omega-3 fatty acids. It’s important to consult a healthcare provider before trying an herbal remedy for depression due to potential side effects and drug interactions. 

What is the best method to treat depression?

The most appropriate method to treat depression will depend on different factors, such as the severity of symptoms, possible causes, risk factors, and the individual’s medical history. For example, certain depression treatments may be tailored to specific types of depression, such as seasonal affective disorder or premenstrual dysphoric disorder. In general, a combination of talk therapy and medication has been shown to be effective in treating depression. 

How do antidepressants work?

Antidepressants are believed to work by affecting certain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain. Different antidepressants work in different ways to affect levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine. 

Which type of therapy is often used to treat depression?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common psychotherapy used to treat depression. This therapy focuses on identifying negative thought patterns and replacing them with healthy, balanced thought patterns. CBT also provides practical solutions for problem-solving and creating steps to take after noticing early signs of a depressive episode. 

Do I need a psychiatrist or psychologist?

Some people may be treated for depression by their primary healthcare provider. However, you may be referred to a psychologist or psychiatrist for further evaluation and treatment, depending on the severity of your symptoms. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who can diagnose and treat mental health conditions, while psychologists focus on psychotherapy and other techniques for treating mental illness.

What do healthcare providers do for anxiety?

The treatment used for anxiety disorders may be similar to that used for depression. A healthcare provider may recommend psychotherapy, medication, or both for anxiety. Antidepressants, like SSRIs and SNRIs, may help treat anxiety and depression. Lifestyle changes and mindfulness practices may also be recommended to help improve anxiety symptoms. 

Sources

Medically reviewed by Karen Berger, Pharm.D.
Licensed Pharmacist

After receiving her doctorate from the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Karen Berger, Pharm.D., has worked in both chain and independent community pharmacies. She currently works at an independent pharmacy in New Jersey. Dr. Berger enjoys helping patients understand medical conditions and medications—both in person as a pharmacist, and online as a medical writer and reviewer.

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